Posts by RanaSubodh:
The ABC Conundrum
April 9th, 2013By Subodh Rana.
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| Balkrishna Sama’s portrait of the nine Rana prime ministers, 1846 – 1951 A.D. |
Nepalese history books tell stories of the nine Rana prime ministers ruling Nepal in unison for 104 years and the family is often depicted and reviled as one monolithic juggernaut that assaulted and consumed the sovereignty of benign kings and their happy, loyal subjects. Nothing could be further from the truth on both counts. Out of the nine one was assassinated, two were unceremoniously removed from the post by their own siblings, one resigned due to internal and external exigencies and the last one was forced to give it all up. But who were those that did not get to wear the “Teen Chand” prime ministerial crown?
I often look at the fading pictures of the family to trace the hierarchy at the times they were taken. The Soviets were famous for cleverly air-brushing out the disgraced party members from chesty pictures of proletarian solidarity. The Ranas just removed them from the frames. The tussle between the Jung clan and the Shumsher clan is common knowledge. The Shumshers gained ascendancy after the coup d’etat of 1885 and the assassination of the hapless prime minister Maharajah Ranoddip Singh, uncle to both the warring factions. Why then was there discord among the members of the Shumsher clan?
The executor of the coup if not the master mind was Lt. General Khadga Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana, the eldest son of Commander-in-chief Dhir Shumsher from his second wife. His elder brother General Bir Shumsher was the only son of Dhir from his first wife and he was actually brought up from an early age in the household of his uncle Maharajah Jung Bahadur after his mother died. Putali Maharani, one of Jung’s wives, was his foster mother. The daring Khadga had taken his younger siblings to the Narayan Hiti Durbar of Prime Minister Ranauddip Singh that fateful night to assassinate the uncle while Bir was nervously waiting in the wings at Bagh Durbar with some of his co-conspirators. Two of the daughters of Jung Bahadur, both married to the children of the royal prince Upendra Bikram, uncle to the king, played a crucial role in the coup. As soon as the news emerged of the assassination, Bir was taken by them to Hanuman Dhoka Royal Palace to have the boy king Surendra Bikram accompany him to Tundikhel Military Parade Ground before a hurriedly assembled army and bestow on him the oath of office and the Royal Seal.
Soon after tongues started wagging. The court was awash with rumors that the days of Bir was numbered as the ambitious and brilliant Khadga would soon take over. Moreover he was backed by his younger brothers while Bir was alone. Maharajah Bir felt cornered. Maharaj Bir struck. He had his Commander-in-Chief Khadga arrested, exiled to Palpa and struck off the roll of succession. The person next in line to become the prime minister and inherit the title of Maharajah would forfeit this privilege forever. Later as an act of goodwill on the part of Bir, he was given the post of Governor of Palpa but was never allowed to return to Kathmandu Valley. He is now best remembered for assisting the British Archeological Survey Team led by Dr. Fuhrer discover Lumbini as the birthplace of Buddha and for building Rani Mahal, Nepal”s own Taj, on the banks of Kali Gandaki River in memory of his beloved wife Tej Kumari.
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| Khadga Shumsher Rana as Governor of Palpa |
Marrying more than one wife was the practice among the Hindu ruling elites of the Indian sub-continent. I suspect one of the main reason was to have a male progeny. Maharajah Bir Shumsher was the first Shumsher Rana prime minister. He was married to his first wife the senior Maharani but his junior wife from a Newar caste was elevated to the rank of Junior Maharani after his ascendancy. A resolution of the Privy Council mandated that all male heirs from both the wives would be placed in the roll of succession. Rudra Shumsher was born of the second wife and enjoyed equal status and privileges as that of all his siblings. By the time Juddha became the prime minister Rudra was the second in command as Commander-in-Chief of the Nepalese Army.
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Prime Minister Maharajah Bhim Shumsher with Juddha Shumsher (1st in line of succession to his right) and Rudra Shumsher (2nd in line of succession to his left) Next to Juddha is Padma Shumsher and next to Rudra is Mohan Shumsher |
It was that at this time fate dealt a cruel hand. During the era of Maharajah Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana, the longest ruling Rana prime minister, a new Rule of Succession was drawn and the family was categorized into three classes – A, B, and C – a categorization the English writer and sycophantic biographer of Maharjah Chandra Percival Landon reportedly helped draw. The family was getting too large as the Maharajahs had many wives. “A” Class denoted those born of high caste married wives and were eligible for the roll of succession. “B” denoted children born of secondary high caste wives and those born from alliances with princesses from the royal household. “C” were children from junior wives, although in many cases these wives too were elevated to the rank of “Maharani”, they were not eligible to be enrolled for succession.
Family pressures bearing on Maharajah Juddha had made him uneasy and he had lost much sleep. Rudra was a close confidante and a childhood friend as they were of similar age, uncle-nephew relationship notwithstanding. Rudra’s father Maharajah Bir had enrolled youngest brother Juddha to the roll of succession at the same time Rudra was. Juddha himself was the youngest son of his father Commander-in-Chief Dhir from a junior wife and thus his own future had been uncertain until Bir recognized and elevated him.
In March 1934 A.D. during a full ceremonial Durbar Maharajah Juddha unexpectedly announced the removal of his successor Commander-in-Chief Rudra from the roll of succession along with the sons of Maharajah Bhim Shumsher from his second wife by making the Rule of Succession retro-active. Armed guards quickly disarmed Rudra and stripped him of his stripes. He was to be exiled to Palpa and his assets in the valley nationalized. Padma Shumsher was then elevated to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Nepalese Army.
My father General Kiran always felt that this decision taken by his father Maharajah Juddha was, leaving aside the unfairness of it, the single most costly mistake the Rana oligarchy made as it divided the family one last time hastening its own demise. Once powerful but still wealthy and influential members such as Rudra openly sided with the coming revolution by raising an army of insurgents in the west just as Nepali Congress had raised one in the eastern part of the country. Opposition parties such as the Congress Party was bankrolled by Subarna Shumsher and Mahabir Shumsher, grandchildren of Maharajah Bhim Shumsher struck off the Roll of Succession, from their safe haven in Calcutta. Without these forces having aligned with the democratic movement and King Tribhuvan the end of the Rana Regime would not have come as easily.
In 1954 A.D. following the change of the political power in Nepal Rudra was rewarded with the high title of Field Marshall of the Nepalese Army by King Tribhuvan, my father as the Commander-in-Chief of the new army playing a role in it.
Jung Bahadur And The Courtesan – Love In The Time Of Empire
January 14th, 2013
By Subodh Rana.
Prime Minister Jung Bahadur Rana was the toast of London town. A prince from the Orient captured the popular imagination of Victorian England. A newspaper account of the period describes him as athletic, dark and handsome; bedecked in fine pearls and sparkling jewels like most Oriental despots. Jung had good reasons to be no less: he had taken state power in Nepal during the Kot Massacre of 1846, survived the Bhandarkhal plot aimed at destroying him a year later and was now, in 1850, the first prince from the South Asian Sub-continent to be invited at the court of Queen Victoria.
Both aristocracy and nobility vied with one another to give him the most opulent reception possible. On a particular mid-June evening when London warms up to a fleeting summer solstice, Jung was preparing himself for yet another party. Staying at Richmond Terrace, just a stone’s throw away from Buckingham Palace, Jung had easy access to the drawing rooms of the rich and famous. He was already getting bored by the attention lavished on him. He was a man of action and his one goal was still unrealized which made him restless: his eagerly awaited audience with Queen Victoria who was resting after giving birth to a son, Arthur William Patrick, later to become the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn.
A scandalous love affair ensued that would have far-reaching consequences for Nepal-Britain relations and Jung’s own political future back home. Jung Bahadur was captivated by the youthful Irish lass, barely out of her teens but she was a courtesan of first order. Laura in turn was smitten by the aura of Oriental opulence and power personified by Jung Bahadur Rana. British India had lavished on his visit vast sums of money which he in turn now lavished upon Laura. Jung put her up in a fitting residence at Wilton Crescent in the very heart of Belgravia. It is documented that Jung spent £ 250,000.00 on his demimonde the sum of which was later underwritten by Governor General Lord Canning as a sign of further goodwill.
Jung spent his days in Britain reviewing march-pasts, inspecting armouries, visiting factories and getting a close glimpse of the masters of India he so admired. He knew that to preserve Nepal’s sovereignty an alliance with Britain was not only necessary but absolutely essential; he had first-hand experience of the travails of his maternal grand uncle Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa after the Anglo-Nepalese War was terminated by the humiliating Treaty of Sugauly in 1816. Jung now had another reason to stay longer in England, his paramour Laura Bell.
Jung Bahadur stayed a total of three months in England, mostly in London but also visited Coventry and Edinburgh. All the while his fondness for Laura Bell grew and he lavished one expensive gift after another on her. As the date of departure drew near Jung expressed his desire to stay longer in England but his brothers were successful in persuading him to return to Nepal fearing a political accident back home as Jung had many enemies at the Nepalese court. Leaving Laura Bell behind was heartbreaking. It is said that Jung’s parting gift was an expensive diamond ring with a promise to fulfill her every wish.
As future events unfolded the political opponents of Jung Bahadur had sprung a trap for him upon his return and one of the accusations made against him was his love affair outside his caste. Jung evaded the trap once again and became even more powerful following his visit to Britain. He was awarded the title of Maharajah of Kaski and Lamjung by the king. Years later it is said that Laura Bell sent a written request to Jung Bahadur through the British Resident Colonel George Ramsay begging him to come to the rescue of the British during the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. Accompanying the letter was the very ring Jung Bahadur had once gifted her as a sign of his love. The Nepalese court was divided over whether to help the British or stay neutral. But he could not deny the final request of his paramour. Jung personally led his troops to the gates of Lucknow. A few years after Jung Bahadur left England Laura Bell married a British socialite and settled down. Later she became close to Prime Minister Gladstone in a relationship historians are still trying to decipher. She was eternally working the corridors of power, a true courtesan to the last.
Over a century and a quarter later there used to come to the Royal Nepalese Embassy in London a socialite by the name of Moira Brown who claimed descent from Maharajah Jung Bahadur Rana, her distant ancestor an offspring of Jung from his England visit. I remember she was always in my father’s guest list. Could there be a link to Laura Bell? The thought is intriguing; the incidents and accidents of history just fascinating!
Jung Bahadur’s Nepal- A Haven Of Refuge
January 11th, 2013By Subodh Rana.
“In war, resolution; in defeat, defiance; in victory, magnanimity”, Sir Winston Churchill.
The burden of defeat carried many of the mutinous Indian leaders and their near and dear ones all the way to the Nepal Terai. They came in desperation: caravans of the weary and hungry, wounded and dying. Most had left all their possessions behind in the hurry to escape the justice of the victors. They sought refuge from destiny. Many came in hope, some of the leaders with trepidation: would their former enemy Prime Minister Jung Bahadur Rana hand them over to the British? They knew what that would mean. The fall of Delhi had led to the slaying of the children of the Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zaffar and the old man’s banishment to Burma. The once mighty Mughal dynasty of Babur, Akbar and Shah Jehan had met an ignominious end. What would happen to the ruling dynasties of the Maratha warriors and the Kingdom of Avadh?
Jung Bahadur had returned to Kathmandu triumphant. The visit to England, the victory over the Tibetans and now the crowning glory of his career, the victory in the Indian Mutiny, had firmly put him in an unassailable position in the kingdom. For the first time since the Anglo-Nepal Wars Nepal held its head high and Jung Bahadur rightfully took the credit. Even his enemies grudgingly recognized his genius, his farsightedness and bravery. He had indeed done Nepal proud. The grateful British had returned to Nepal some of the land in the Nepal Terai ceded to the British over fifty years earlier. The “new territories” of Banke, Bardia, Kailali and Kanchanpur would add significant revenue to the national coffer. Too, Jung Bahadur and his armies had brought back enormous treasures from the “Lucknow Loot”. Amidst all this brouhaha disturbing news came to Jung Bahadur that would shatter his peace of mind, test his mettle and Nepal’s fortune too.
After leaving the stifling heat of the Gangetic plains, the refugees entered the Terai jungles only to encounter the secret weapon defending Kathmandu valley from marauding armies of the south: plasmodium vivax, the malarial parasite. The wounded and the weak, the stragglers fell prey to wild animals. The once proud armies that had challenged the might of the East India Company and nearly succeeded in bringing it to its knees were in tatters. Begum Hazrat Mahal with the 10 year old son king Birjis Qadr and a ragtag retinue of desperation entered Nepal. By 1859 Nana Sahib the Maratha warrior along with a large retinue of followers including several wives was also seen crossing the border into Nepal after months of hiding. His last stand at Gwalior had been thwarted, his prime minister Tantya Tope captured and executed. Jung Bahadur’s border posts had been put on full alert. The movement of the erstwhile enemies closely watched. The news had to be sent to Kathmandu post-haste.
Begum Hazrat Mahal and her retinue slowly made their way through the 4 kos, over 10 miles, of dense jungle before coming into the valley. Prime Minister Jung Bahadur Rana had offered her and her son sanctuary after considerable deliberation, at first refusing her request. Consequences of granting refuge to those wanted by British India could be dire for the hero. But at the same time he wanted to establish Nepal as a sovereign kingdom and he no longer wanted to be seen kowtowing to Colonel Ramsay the British resident. The love-hate relationship between the British Resident and the Nepal Durbar was legendary. The sympathy at the plight of the defeated Indian rulers was palpable at most aristocratic homes. The Begum was grateful to her erstwhile enemy for the sanctuary.
It was something about Kathmandu valley that brought a sense of deja vu to the Begum, descending from Thankot in her coolie chair, carried across the shoulders of four burly Gorkhali pipa. She glimpsed at a distance the gilded pagoda roofs, the Bhimsen Tower and the stupa on the hill. She searched her memory. She saw images of herself playing in similar surroundings; there was a fleeting glimpse of the ping she used to swing in against the white mountain background, then nothing. She closed her eyes and searched her memory once again. She was in a strange city now full of horse-drawn tongas and minarets, walking, walking; and then she was picked up to be trained as a tawaif, a courtesan. She was taught to dance the mujra. She entered a large house and suddenly she was the star of the show. The Nawab’s mother had taken a great liking to her, perhaps because she was a good dancer, perhaps because she was fairer and prettier than the rest and perhaps because she had the hill look about her. Anyway, she had grown up to be the favorite tawaif of the Nawab until he had taken her as his concubine, his mahak pari fragrant fairy, and then after the birth of her son, his principle wife. As they say, the rest was history. She had been reinvented as Begum Hazrat Mahal at the court of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. She woke up from her reverie as she crossed the Bagmati River. She was extremely tired. The retinue made its way towards Thapathali, where she was given a temporary residence by the Maharajah.
Nana Sahib could never forgive the British for what they had done to him. The “Doctrine of Lapse” cooked up by Lord Dalhousie to swallow the Indian princely states had taken away his inheritance of the leadership of the Maratha Confederacy and a large amount of pension. Unable to have children the last Maratha ruler Baji Rao II had adopted Dhondu Pant as a young boy and styled him as Nana Sahib, a Maratha hero from a bygone era, nearly as illustrious as the legendary Shivaji. The British in all their perfidy would not recognize adopted children, only direct lineage! Nana Sahib suddenly felt old. He had gambled and lost. Now he would have to take refuge in one place or another for the rest of his life. The Nepalese had shown him great sympathy and he was grateful to Jung for that. He would send his wives and his son to Kathmandu. The marriage to his third wife Kashibai had not even been consummated! He would himself wander the Himalayan range as a mendicant. He knew that the only thing he could save of himself hereafter was his soul.
Maharajah Jung Bahadur took care of his guests well. He took the old Sanskrit saying, “Atithi Devo Bhava”, Guest is Divine, to heart. He bestowed pensions becoming of their aristocratic stature. Begum Hazrat Mahal decided later to spend her time away from the limelight of Kathmandu and retired to Nuwakot, where she would die in 1879 A.D. Her son Birjis Qadr left Nepal for Calcutta after his mother’s death. By some accounts Nana Sahib passed away in Deukhuri, western Nepal. Others saw him in Constantinople. His virgin wife Kashibai found love in the court of Nepal.
People say that Begum Hazrat Mahal was buried in the grounds of the Jama Masjid in central Kathmandu. Today, just off the shopping market there is a grave without any marking but under lock and key.
I have come across a couplet in Urdu describing her in her last repose.
Ai bad-e-saba aahista chal
Yahan soee hui hai Mahak Pari
(O’ zephyr, blow sweetly and calmly
Here lies in slumber Mahak Pari)
THE SISTERS OF COORG, A TALE FROM THE RAJ
January 6th, 2013By Subodh Rana.
Marital alliance was just a means to an end in those days of the feudal nation states spreading across the vast Indian subcontinent; underage daughters were given in marriage by their parents to foster alliances, ingratiate themselves to the powerful or to thwart sinister designs on them by their more capricious neighbors. The Raja of Coorg had lost his princely state to the British. Coorg is a district in Karnataka state of southern India sometimes called the Scotland of India due to its enchanting rolling hills covered in verdant green nourished by the Cauveri River. The British were supposed to have been so enamoured by its likeness to Scotland that they established numerous resting stations there.
Wodiyars of Coorg were the Hindu kings of Kshetriya stock who had periodically battled the Muslim rulers of South India. They were allied to the British during the push by Tippu Sultan of Mysore. The uncle of the last Raja, Dodda Veer Rajendra (r.1780-1809), was even captured by Tippu Sultan and imprisoned until his daring escape. The last Raja Chikka Veer Rajendra (r. 1820-1834) ruled more due to the blessing of the British bestowed on him in gratitude to the loyalty shown by his uncle than any real talent he himself possessed. His subjects hated him as he was a cruel debauch.
I unearthed the fascinating tales of two sisters, daughters of Veer Rajendra, when per chance I read that Maharajah Jung Bahadur Rana had married a daughter of the last Raja of Coorg who went by the name of Princess Gangamma. She is mentioned once or twice by similar sources as having come to Nepal where she was known as Ganga Maharani. What happened to her once she came to Nepal, did she have children, did she ever meet her family members again, when did she pass away, these are the many questions I sought answers for as most of our books on history have amnesia.
Then I suddenly found a story on Dr. Oldfield in Nepal. He was the surgeon posted at the British Residency in Kathmandu in the mid nineteenth century. He was probably one of the first allopathic medicine man in Nepal at a time when the few educated and privileged were treated by hakims while most of the populace sought jhankrishamans for thrashing the hell out of obtrusive diseases mostly caused by the evil eye. Dr. Oldfield had visited the palace of Maharajah Jung Bahadur Rana at Thapathali to operate on an abscess on the abdomen of Ganga Maharani. He had performed surgery from behind a curtain so that he would actually never see the face of the maharani! I never found out whether the good doctor cured her of her ailment.
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| Raja Chikka Veer Rajendra with his daughter Princess Gouramma |
The Raja of Coorg had lost his throne in 1834 A.D. when the British decided that enough was enough of his misrule as some sources point out. The Raja had valiantly withstood the British offense on his palace and even pretended nothing had happened as he left his kingdom for the last time, loyal subjects lining the streets in a triumphant farewell. He decided to stay in Benaras and the British allowed him a princely pension of 6,000 Pounds per annum. Of course, Coorg would generate many times more in revenue. It was in Benaras that Princess Gangamma was born around 1842 and her elder sister Princess Gouramma was born a year earlier. They were born from different mothers as the old Raja had not lost his virile old ways.
Now let us look at the fortunes of the elder sister. She was a beauty and the favorite of the old Raja, “a pigeon among crows” he would comment as she was of a very fair complexion. Raja Veer Rajendra had now taken to the ways of the British enamoured by their more civilized ways in the eyes of the rulers and ex-rulers of India. Dress codes started changing and so did eating habits. Being Europeanized was all the rage in the high society of India. The ex-Raja of Coorg went one better: he wanted to visit England and to convert his favorite daughter Princess Gouramma to Christianity. He felt he had not been dealt a fair hand by the East India Company as compensation for his ouster and he wished to present his case directly to Queen Victoria. He left for England in 1852 A.D.
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| Princess Victoria Gouramma, 1855 A.D. |
What happened in England was stuff of fairy tales as the story goes that Queen Victoria became fond of the beautiful Princess Gouramma and she had her baptized by the Archbishop of Canterbury in her private chapel at Buckingham Palace and gave her a new name: Princess Victoria Gouramma. There are many books on her life. The gloss faded and she was an unhappy princess. She married a British officer, gave birth to a son and died very early at the age of twenty three! In a quiet corner of the nineteenth century Brompton Cemetery in London lies the grave of the princess dating back to 1864 A.D. Her descendants are today living in Australia.
Scattered references to Ganga Maharani in volumes written about Princess Victoria Gouramma hint that she was happy in Nepal. Did she live a long fruitful life or was she out of place in the Nepalese court as her sister was in the British? It is not difficult to imagine what the other wives of Jung Bahadur might say behind her back; “kali madhesi” comes to mind. Obviously she did not have children or else we would know about it. Rumor has it that she lived in Manohara, possibly in the palace of Maharaja Jung Bahadur’s eldest son Commanding General Jagat Jung Bahadur Rana. Will we ever know with certainty what her story is?
When generalissimo came calling
January 4th, 2013By Rana Subodh.
The largess brought by the envoy from Nepal was fit for a king. The treasure trove consisted of a bejewelled dagger renowned as the Khukri, the fearsome weapon of the Gurkhas so potent during close combat; the tiger skin with its mounted head bagged by the Maharajah himself; lastly the pièce de résistance – fifty thousand Indian Rupees in cash for the war chest! Chiang Kai-shek bowed low beaming with pleasure. His wartime diplomacy to win friends and allies against the Japanese devils had taken him from Rangoon to Calcutta and then on to New Delhi. He had met the local politicians and their British overlords and convinced them that the Generalissimo would be a trusted ally in their combined effort to stall the Japanese invasion of Burma and India. Only Mahatma Gandhi had reaffirmed his stance to remain neutral in his quest for ahimsa: he would oppose both the British and the Japanese by non-violent means.
As the leader of the Chinese resistance to the Japanese invasion of China, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek was indeed as powerful as the former king emperors of the Middle Kingdom. He had put together a coalition of disparate tribes including the nationalists and the Communists together and had been declared the uncontested leader of this coalition. He had come to India with Madame Chiang, herself a well known figure in Chinese politics and diplomacy, her sister being the wife of the founder of the Chinese republic Dr. Sun Yat Sen.
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| Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of China |
Chiang Kai-shek had heard of the Gurkhas as fearsome fighters from Nepal inducted by the Raj. He knew that they had already proven their prowess in World War I in the battlefields of France, Palestine and Gallipoli in Turkey. The Gurkhas had served in the units of the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. History was now repeating again! The Gurkhas were now fighting the Axis powers in many fronts and so he was both intrigued and delighted that he was receiving the personal envoy of the prime minister of Nepal, Maharaja Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana! The year was 1942 and the place of meeting was his residence in viceregal estate of the Indian capital arranged for so tastefully by Viceroy Linlithgow.
The Generalissimo had many questions to ask of the Nepalese envoy; his curiosity about the mountain kingdom bordering Tibet was deep. He had been informed that the quinquennial mission from Nepal to China as mandated by an earlier treaty between the two countries had stopped after China became a republic. There was hardly any diplomatic contact between the two neighbours and so this was a fortuitous occasion to establish a lasting bond of friendship. He knew that sooner rather than later China would have to play a role in keeping strategically located Nepal an independent and a neutral country just like ‘yam between two boulders’ their founding king had once articulated.
This story came to light because a distinguished Chinese gentleman by the name of Chen Xueyi while writing a book in China on the wartime contribution of General Chiang Kai-shek in defense of China from the Japanese invasion and formation of an alliance with the western powers came across this story while doing his research in Taipei. Further research on Nepal led him to my blog. I was pleasantly surprised to receive an email from him while I was on a trip to England and to learn that he was convinced the Nepalese envoy was my father General Kiran Shumsher. To be honest I don’t remember hearing my father tell a story of his meeting with the Generalissimo, a person of world renown and I thought my father would not have missed telling us this story. The most likely person would be General Bahadur Shumsher J. B. Rana, the eldest son of Maharajah Juddha and also his Aide-de-camp. Was he sent to New Delhi to meet the generalissimo? The Chinese scholar could not find any reference to this meeting while researching in Nepal.
The Generalissimo received the Nepalese envoy and the following is the English translation of the Chinese transcript of the conversation between them found in Taipei as sent to me by Mr. Chen.
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